The first "real" video game was a tennis simulator created in 1958 by William Higinbotham at Brookhaven National Laboratory, which used a dedicated analog computer as a control system and an oscilloscope for output. Video game consoles come in models intended to be used at home, like Microsoft's Xbox Series X/S, Sony's PlayStation 5, and Nintendo's Switch, or handheld systems that can be played anywhere, such as Nintendo's 3DS and Switch (again), along with Sony's PlayStation Vita. ![]() The devices range in complexity from watch-like devices with inexpensive LCD screens all the way up to full-immersion devices such as flight simulators and virtual reality pods, and the games themselves cover every possible genre of gaming, including puzzles, action games, and major league sports fantasies. Video games, or computer games, are electronic games played on a personal computer (PC), a portable device (smart/dumbphone and tablet), or a dedicated device (console). Among those sharing the prize was Masatoshi Koshiba of Japan, who worked on the Kamiokande and the Super Kamiokande.“ ”The only legitimate use of a computer is to play games. After it had been proven that his experiment was sound, Davis shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. The results of the experiment, published in 2001, revealed that of the three "flavours" between which neutrinos are able to oscillate, Davis's detector was sensitive to only one. SNO was the first detector able to detect neutrino oscillation, solving the solar neutrino problem. The Homestake experiment was followed by other experiments with the same purpose, such as Kamiokande in Japan, SAGE in the former Soviet Union, GALLEX in Italy, Super Kamiokande, also in Japan, and SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) in Ontario, Canada. Davis scrutinized his own experiment and insisted there was nothing wrong with it. Bahcall's calculations were checked repeatedly, with no errors found. The first response from the scientific community was that either Bahcall or Davis had made a mistake. Conclusions ĭavis' figures were consistently very close to one-third of Bahcall's calculations. In such a way, Davis was able to determine how many neutrinos had been captured. A small (few cubic cm) gas counter was filled by the collected few tens of atoms of 37Ar (together with the stable argon) to detect its decays. the neutrino should have at least this energy to be captured by the 37Cl nucleus.īecause 37Ar has a half-life of 35 days, every few weeks, Davis bubbled helium through the tank to collect the argon that had formed. The reaction threshold is 0.814 MeV, i.e. Upon interaction with an electron neutrino, a 37Cl atom transforms into a radioactive isotope of 37 Ar, which can then be extracted and counted. Perchloroethylene was chosen because it is rich in chlorine. A big target deep underground was needed to prevent interference from cosmic rays, taking into account the very small probability of a successful neutrino capture, and, therefore, very low effect rate even with the huge mass of the target. ![]() Davis placed a 380 cubic meter (100,000 gallon) tank of perchloroethylene, a common dry-cleaning fluid, 1,478 meters (4,850 feet) underground. The experiment took place in the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. The discrepancy between the predicted and measured rates of neutrino detection was later found to be due to neutrino "flavour" oscillations. The University of Pennsylvania took it over in 1984. The experiment operated continuously from 1970 until 1994. The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos, and the discrepancy in results created the solar neutrino problem. ![]() After Bahcall calculated the rate at which the detector should capture neutrinos, Davis's experiment turned up only one third of this figure. Bahcall performed the theoretical calculations and Davis designed the experiment. Its purpose was to collect and count neutrinos emitted by nuclear fusion taking place in the Sun. The Homestake experiment (sometimes referred to as the Davis experiment or Solar Neutrino Experiment and in original literature called Brookhaven Solar Neutrino Experiment or Brookhaven 37Cl ( Chlorine) Experiment ) was an experiment headed by astrophysicists Raymond Davis, Jr. Setup of the experiment in the Homestake mine.
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